Open Letter: Britain Can Make Its Own Energy. It Is Time to Start.

[object Object], 19 March 2026

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To:

• Simon Hoare MP, Member of Parliament for North Dorset
• The Rt Hon Ed Miliband MP, Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero
• The Rt Hon Sir Keir Starmer KCB MP, Prime Minister
• The Rt Hon Rachel Reeves MP, Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Lord Whitehead, Minister of State for Energy Security and Net Zero
• The National Energy System Operator (NESO)

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As I write this, Britain has roughly thirty-six hours of gas left in storage.¹ Thirty-six hours.

There are 6.1 million households in fuel poverty in this country, according to National Energy Action² — and that was before the current crisis. By July, when the energy regulator Ofgem resets the price cap, Stifel warns that average household bills could reach £2,500 per year.³ The 1.5 million homes that rely on heating oil — which has no price cap at all — are already being hit. Small businesses that survived COVID and the 2022 energy crisis are facing a third existential price shock in four years.

And this war is funding another. Russia has earned an additional six billion euros in fossil fuel revenue in the two weeks since the strikes on Iran began — revenue that flows directly into sustaining the invasion of Ukraine.⁴ Britain's dependence on globally traded fossil fuels is an economic vulnerability and a strategic liability.

None of this had to happen. Not like this.

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The Present Crisis

On 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel launched coordinated military strikes on Iran. Within days, Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps closed the Strait of Hormuz to Western-allied shipping — the IRGC has stated that "not a litre of oil" will pass through.⁵ Approximately 20% of the world's oil and LNG (liquefied natural gas) normally transits this waterway.

Since then, Iran has launched over 3,000 missiles and drones at Gulf Arab states.⁶ On 4 March, QatarEnergy declared force majeure (a legal suspension of deliveries) after its facilities at Ras Laffan — the world's largest LNG export complex — were struck. On 18 March, a further Iranian missile attack inflicted "extensive damage" on Ras Laffan, destroying approximately 17% of Qatar's LNG export capacity.⁷ Saudi Arabia has intercepted strikes aimed at refineries and petrochemical complexes. The UAE has absorbed over 1,800 incoming missiles and drones — more than any other target.⁶ Fuel terminals in Oman have been struck.

This is not a temporary disruption that will resolve when a ceasefire is reached. The physical infrastructure has been destroyed. Two of Qatar's 14 LNG production lines and one of its two gas-to-liquids facilities were damaged in the strikes, sidelining 12.8 million tons per year of LNG capacity. QatarEnergy's CEO estimates repairs will take three to five years and has warned of force majeure on long-term supply contracts to Europe and Asia for up to five years. The damaged facilities cost $26 billion to build and represent an estimated $20 billion in lost annual revenue.⁷ Nearly a million metric tons of fertiliser cargo are stranded in the Gulf.⁸ Major producers have declared force majeure across oil, gas, and petrochemicals. The Strait of Hormuz carries not only 20% of global oil and gas, but also 44% of globally traded sulphur and nearly half of all seaborne urea (fertiliser) exports.⁹ This is a supply chain crisis that reaches into food prices, manufacturing, and every sector that depends on petrochemical inputs.

For context: the 1979 oil crisis — the event that reshaped global energy policy for a generation — was triggered by a loss of approximately 4% of global oil supply.¹⁰ The current crisis has disrupted roughly 20% of global oil and gas trade. It is five times larger in scale.

The consequences for the UK:

• Oil surged from around $70 to above $120 per barrel in under three weeks. Wood Mackenzie analysts warn that $150 is likely and $200 is "not outside the realms of possibility."¹¹
• UK wholesale gas prices rose approximately 75% in thirty days. European gas prices doubled within a week.¹²
• UK gas storage fell to roughly 1.5 days of national demand, down from around 9,000 GWh — roughly four days — at the same point last year.¹
• Fertiliser prices have surged over 30% to three-year highs, with nearly half of all seaborne urea exports normally transiting the Strait. Spring planting is at risk.⁸
• Airlines have been warned they will face jet fuel shortages as soon as April, risking flight cancellations to long-haul destinations. China and Thailand have halted fuel exports to maintain their own supplies. The majority of Britain's imported jet fuel comes from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE — all under attack.¹³

The International Energy Agency has described this as the largest disruption to the global energy supply in history, and has coordinated the release of 400 million barrels from strategic reserves — more than twice the amount released after Russia's invasion of Ukraine.¹⁴

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Why Britain Is Uniquely Exposed

The United Kingdom is the worst-positioned major economy in Europe to weather this kind of disruption.

We have almost no gas storage. The UK holds a maximum of roughly 12 days of gas at average demand — just 7.5 days during peak winter. Germany stores 89 days. France stores 103 days. The Netherlands stores 123 days. As of mid-March, we are down to 1.5 days. Centrica's CEO Chris O'Shea has called Britain "an outlier from the rest of Europe when it comes to the role of storage in our energy system."¹⁵

We are forced to buy at the worst possible moment. Because we lack storage, Britain cannot buy gas when it is cheap and draw from reserves when it is expensive. Instead, we bid against Asian and European buyers for scarce LNG cargoes at crisis prices. During this crisis, UK wholesale gas prices have risen above the main European benchmark — an unusual inversion reflecting acute desperation. Traders charge a premium for UK deliveries because they know we have no alternative.

Gas prices drive all our electricity prices. Under UK electricity market rules, the price paid to every generator — including wind and solar — is set by the most expensive power station running at any given moment. Because gas plants are almost always the most expensive, a spike in international gas prices immediately drives up the price of all electricity, even electricity from turbines and panels that use no gas at all. Our dependence on gas acts as an invisible tax on every unit of power in the country.

And it is getting worse. North Sea production peaked in 1999. By 2027, more than two-thirds of the UK's gas will need to be imported. By 2050, that figure reaches 94%.¹⁶ Every year, Britain becomes more exposed.

France, by contrast, is largely insulated. Because France invested in a nuclear fleet fifty years ago, French electricity bills are stable through this crisis — the government has promised most households on regulated tariffs no price increases through 2027.¹⁷ The Adam Smith Institute estimates that Britain's failure to build nuclear has left UK households paying 40% more for power than the French.¹⁸ That is the price of fifty years of inaction, and British families are paying it today.

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The Government's Record — and the Mandate to Go Further

This letter is not written in opposition to the Government's energy programme. The Clean Power 2030 mission, the Sizewell C investment, the selection of Wylfa for the UK's first small modular reactor fleet, the creation of Great British Energy, and the commitment to no new North Sea exploration licences represent the most ambitious energy policy agenda in a generation. Combined with the UK's world-class wind power fleet — 32 GW of onshore and offshore capacity, enough to power roughly 20 million homes¹⁹ — there is a genuine foundation to build on.

The 2024 manifesto pledged to triple solar power, quadruple offshore wind, and deliver clean power by 2030.²⁰ It pledged a phased and responsible transition away from North Sea oil and gas. The Warm Homes plan is rightly pushing heat pumps and rooftop solar. These are the right commitments.

But the world has changed since that manifesto was written. The largest energy supply disruption in history demands a response at a scale and pace beyond what was envisaged in 2024. Incremental acceleration will not suffice. The moment demands the kind of national mobilisation that built radar and cracked Enigma in the 1940s, or put a person on the Moon within seven years of Kennedy's speech.

I am a physicist and software engineer working in climate technology — a constituent, a taxpayer, and someone who wants to see Britain prosper. The technology to end our vulnerability exists today, and the crisis demands that we deploy it.

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Three Technologies, One Strategy

The UK already has world-leading wind capacity. What it lacks is the speed of solar deployment, the commitment to a nuclear fleet, and the emerging technology that ties everything together: domestic fuel synthesis.

Each addresses a specific vulnerability:

• Solar eliminates the cost premium — it is the cheapest electricity in history, deployable now
• Nuclear eliminates weather dependence — firm power that runs around the clock, in any season
• Fuel synthesis eliminates the gas import — turning cheap domestic electricity into synthetic gas for heating, cooking, industry, and transport, using existing infrastructure

Together, they form a system that ends Britain's dependence on imported fossil fuels — without new North Sea drilling.

I. Emergency Solar Deployment

The cost of generating solar electricity has fallen 90% in fifteen years.²¹ A large solar farm now produces electricity for less than 4p per kilowatt-hour globally. In the UK, the Government's own price guarantee auctions for solar have cleared at roughly 4-5p per kilowatt-hour — well below the cost of gas generation. Solar panels are now so cheap that a little investment goes a long way, and a large investment would transform Britain's energy position.

The constraint is not cost. It is bureaucratic pace.

China installed 277 GW of new solar capacity in 2024 and 275 GW in the first eleven months of 2025 — reaching a cumulative 1,200 GW by year-end.²² In the first half of 2025, China installed more solar than the rest of the world combined.²³ The United Kingdom's total installed solar capacity is 21.6 GW.²⁴ China builds that in roughly four weeks.

The UK cannot replicate China's state-directed model, but other democracies have shown what is possible with political will. Germany's Solar Package I cut bureaucratic barriers and delivered 16 GW in 2024 — more than six times the UK's rate. India's pre-approved solar parks cut deployment times from years to months. Australia's streamlined approvals have put solar on 3.6 million homes.

The UK added 2.6 GW of solar in 2025 — a record, but barely a quarter of the rate needed to meet the manifesto commitment to triple solar by 2030. The binding constraint is the grid connection queue: even after NESO's February 2025 reforms cut the queue by 64%,²⁵ the remaining backlog requires 26.4 GW of new connections per year — against a historical average of 8 GW. At the current rate, clearing the queue would take over 16 years, well past the 2030 deadline. Schools, hospitals, and businesses that want to install solar and cut their bills are waiting years for a connection. This is a policy failure, not a technology failure.

Critics will argue that solar is intermittent. This is true, and it is why solar alone is not sufficient. Battery storage costs have fallen roughly 90% in a decade and address daily fluctuations. Firm nuclear power provides the reliable around-the-clock generation that the grid requires. And for the seasonal gap — the weeks in winter when solar output is minimal — fuel synthesis can convert summer surplus into storable synthetic gas. The tools to manage intermittency exist and are falling in cost. What remains is a deployment challenge, not a fundamental technical barrier.

II. A National Nuclear Fleet

Nuclear energy provides reliable, zero-carbon power that runs around the clock regardless of weather, season, or geopolitical conditions. France generates approximately 65% of its electricity from nuclear and is largely shielded from the current crisis. The UK generates roughly 15% from an ageing fleet of approximately 6.5 GW.

The Government's nuclear programme is the most ambitious in half a century, and I commend it. But three reactors at one site is not a fleet. And without a fleet, nuclear remains ruinously expensive.

Every country that has built nuclear affordably did it the same way: pick a standardised design, commit to building it repeatedly, and let the workforce and supply chain improve with each unit. France built 56 reactors in 15 years and went from 15% to 75% nuclear electricity in a single generation. South Korea used the same approach and now builds reactors for roughly a quarter of UK costs. China is approving around 10 new reactors per year; a Johns Hopkins University study found Chinese construction costs roughly one-fifth of the UK's.²⁶ China now has 61 operating reactors and 38 under construction — half of all reactors being built anywhere in the world.²⁷

The UK, by contrast, has spent a projected £49 billion on Hinkley Point C²⁸ — a bespoke, first-of-a-kind large reactor with no prior completed reference plant, built over more than a decade. Because private financing over such long construction periods carries enormous interest costs, roughly two-thirds of Hinkley's electricity price goes to financing rather than to building or operating the plant. Government-backed financing and shorter construction through serial production could cut this dramatically.

The November 2025 Fingleton Review found the UK had become "the most expensive place in the world" to construct nuclear power, identifying disproportionate regulatory decisions, flawed legislation, government indecision, and weak industry incentives as the root causes.²⁹ One illustration: Hinkley Point C is spending approximately £700 million on fish protection measures. While these address real marine impacts across multiple species, the Fingleton Review calculated that the cost per Atlantic salmon saved amounts to several million pounds per fish — a symptom of the regulatory culture that has made UK nuclear the costliest in the world. The Review's 47 recommendations were accepted in principle. They must now be implemented, not studied further.

The lesson of Hinkley is not to avoid nuclear — it is to stop building one-off bespoke projects. Small modular reactors change the equation: factory-built, compact, and designed for serial production. Once a design is approved, identical units can be manufactured and deployed across multiple sites. But this only works with a fleet commitment. An initial order of 10-15 units gives manufacturers the certainty to invest in factory-scale production, trains a permanent workforce, and drives costs down with each successive build — with further orders to follow as the model proves itself. Three units is a pilot. Fifteen units is a programme.

Nuclear also enables year-round fuel synthesis — firm, round-the-clock power means the water-splitting systems at the heart of synthetic gas production can run continuously, not just when the sun shines or the wind blows.

Critics will argue that nuclear takes too long. This is precisely why we must start now, not later. Solar deploys in months and provides cheap electricity immediately. Nuclear deploys in years but runs for sixty years, in any weather. Pursued in parallel, they complement each other. Pursued sequentially, we lose a decade.

III. Domestic Fuel Synthesis

This is the piece that completes the strategy.

Britain's energy crisis is, at its core, a gas problem. We heat our homes with gas. We cook with gas. We power much of our industry with gas. We move goods with diesel refined from oil. All of it is imported, traded on volatile global markets, and vulnerable to exactly the kind of disruption we are experiencing today — a disruption that will now persist for years, not months.

The solution is to make our own.

The technology to produce synthetic natural gas from electricity and air has been demonstrated and is approaching commercial viability. The process:

1. Solar panels, wind turbines, or nuclear plants generate cheap electricity.
2. That electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen — a well-established industrial process.
3. A separate unit captures carbon dioxide directly from the surrounding air.
4. The hydrogen and captured CO₂ are combined in a chemical reactor to produce methane — the same gas that flows through every gas main in Britain.

The resulting synthetic methane is fully compatible with the existing gas grid — no new pipes, no boiler replacements, no disruption to households. Your constituents would not notice the difference. Their gas would simply be made in Britain, from sunlight and air, rather than shipped from a war zone.

This is not theoretical. In Denmark, the Kassø facility — inaugurated in May 2025, powered by a 304 MW solar park — is commercially producing synthetic methanol, a liquid fuel now being used by Maersk for shipping, LEGO, and Novo Nordisk.³⁰ In Chile, the Haru Oni plant has been producing synthetic fuels from wind power since 2022 and received the world's first certification for synthetic renewable fuel.³¹ In California, Terraform Industries has demonstrated a containerised solar-to-pipeline-gas system achieving 99.4% methane purity.³² Over 1,500 clean hydrogen projects have been announced across 70 countries,³³ and the synthetic fuel market is projected to grow several-fold by the mid-2030s.

The UK has its own strengths: world-class electrolyser companies like ITM Power and Ceres Power, catalyst expertise at Johnson Matthey, and a growing hydrogen programme with 27 projects shortlisted. What is missing is the strategic vision to connect these assets to the gas grid.

Heat pumps are rightly part of the Government's Warm Homes plan and should be deployed wherever practical — they are the most efficient way to decarbonise home heating. But Britain has 23 million gas boilers, and replacing them all will take decades. Fuel synthesis offers a parallel pathway: decarbonise the gas grid itself, so that every existing boiler runs on clean fuel from day one — while also producing synthetic fuels for shipping, aviation, heavy industry, and the military applications that batteries cannot serve.

Yes, converting electricity into synthetic gas involves an efficiency penalty — you lose energy in the conversion. Current estimates put synthetic methane at roughly 8-10p per kilowatt-hour, compared to pre-crisis wholesale gas at around 3p. That gap is real. But UK wholesale gas is trading at over 5p today and rising — and with Qatar's infrastructure destroyed, elevated prices will persist for years. The cost of synthetic gas is falling as electrolysers and solar scale up; the cost of imported gas is rising as the world that produced it burns. Energy security carries a premium, and that premium is shrinking.

As Fortune noted this week: "Energy security has historically meant securing access to oil reserves, but in the next era, it may mean something different: the ability to produce fuel wherever it is needed."³⁴

This aligns directly with the manifesto commitment to no new North Sea exploration licences. Fuel synthesis is the responsible transition: domestic synthetic gas replaces imported fossil gas without drilling a single new well.

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What I Am Asking For

The technology exists. The economics are favourable or rapidly becoming so. The manifesto provides the mandate. What is missing is the pace that only emergency government action can set.

Three priority actions, and three supporting measures.

Priority Actions

1. Declare an emergency solar deployment programme.

Issue a National Policy Statement — a formal planning directive that overrides local objections — designating solar as critical national infrastructure. Direct NESO to clear the grid connection backlog with emergency powers and funding. The manifesto pledged to triple solar. The crisis demands it now.

2. Commit to a fleet of at least 10-15 small modular reactors.

Three units at Wylfa is a beginning, not a programme. Commit now to an initial fleet order that gives manufacturers the certainty to invest in factory-scale production, with further tranches as the model proves itself. Implement the Fingleton Review's 47 recommendations without further delay. Every year without a fleet commitment is another year of paying crisis prices for imported energy.

3. Launch a national synthetic fuel programme.

Commission a strategic assessment of domestic fuel synthesis. Establish a target for domestically produced synthetic gas as a percentage of national gas consumption by 2035. Fund demonstration-scale projects immediately. Integrate fuel synthesis into the Clean Power 2030 mission as a formal workstream. This is the technology that makes the North Sea transition work.

Supporting Measures

4. Mandate solar on all new commercial and industrial buildings immediately, extending beyond the Future Homes Standard (which requires solar on new homes).

5. Expand and protect gas storage. Approve the expansion of the Rough facility to its full capacity — Centrica has stated its willingness to invest £2 billion with regulatory support. Set a statutory minimum gas storage requirement of 45-60 days, comparable to European standards, so that Britain is never again one crisis away from running dry.

6. Expand Great British Energy's rooftop programme beyond schools and hospitals to all public buildings, and provide interest-free financing for commercial rooftop installations.

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Conclusion

The 1979 oil crisis was a single-commodity shock — a 4% cut in global oil supply that reshaped energy policy for a generation. The current crisis has disrupted five times as much oil trade, destroyed critical LNG export infrastructure for years to come, and severed supply chains for fertiliser, petrochemicals, and jet fuel simultaneously. It must be answered.

Nations that invested in energy sovereignty decades ago — France with nuclear, the Nordic countries with hydro and wind — are insulated. Nations that did not are paying the price. Britain is paying the highest price in Europe.

But it does not have to stay this way. Picture Britain in the early 2030s. A fleet of small modular reactors is coming online. Tens of gigawatts of new solar and wind capacity are feeding the grid. A growing network of fuel synthesis plants is producing synthetic gas from British sunlight and air, stored in an expanded Rough facility and flowing through the same gas grid that has served this country for decades. A grandmother in Hartlepool turns on her heating without checking the price cap first. A small manufacturer in the Midlands runs their furnace on synthetic methane produced from Scottish wind. No billions flowing to Moscow. No dependence on a strait half a world away.

Every component of this exists today. Solar is the cheapest energy source in human history. Nuclear fleet programmes have been executed by France, South Korea, and China. Synthetic gas has been demonstrated at the quality needed for existing gas networks. What has been missing, for decades, is the political will to deploy them at the pace the situation demands.

The best time to have launched an emergency energy sovereignty programme was 2022, in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The second-best time is today. There will not be a better moment than this. The crisis is here, the technology is ready, and the mandate is yours.

I look forward to your response and to learning what specific, time-bound commitments the Government is prepared to make.

Yours faithfully,

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This letter has been sent to: Simon Hoare MP (North Dorset), the Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero, the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Minister of State for Energy Security and Net Zero, and NESO.

I consent to this letter being shared publicly and placed in the parliamentary record.

Footnotes

1. GB News, "Gas reserves fall to just 1.5 days of supply," 9 March 2026; Centrica, "Perfect storm reduces UK winter gas storage to concerningly low levels," January 2025. ↩ ↩²

2. National Energy Action, Energy Crisis. 6.1 million households in fuel poverty, current estimate. ↩

3. Which?, "Energy prices affected by Middle East crisis," March 2026; Stifel analyst forecast cited in Yahoo News UK. ↩

4. Urgewald analysis, reported by Kyiv Independent, "Russia earns additional 6 billion euros in fossil fuel revenue," 14 March 2026. ↩

5. Al Jazeera, "Iran's IRGC says not one litre of oil will get through Strait of Hormuz," 11 March 2026. ↩

6. ACLED, "Iran targets the global oil market: Gulf energy and the Strait of Hormuz are under fire," March 2026; CNBC, "Gulf states have tolerated Iranian strikes so far," 19 March 2026. ↩ ↩²

7. Reuters via CNBC, "Iran attack wipes out 17% of Qatar's LNG capacity for up to five years, QatarEnergy CEO says," 19 March 2026. Two of 14 LNG trains and one of two GTL facilities damaged; 12.8 Mt/year sidelined; damaged facilities cost $26bn to build; $20bn estimated lost annual revenue. ↩ ↩²

8. Fortune, "Fertilizer prices soar as Strait of Hormuz tensions rise," 12 March 2026; Nikkei Asia, fertiliser cargo stranded in the Gulf, 13 March 2026. Urea prices surged ~30% in the week following the strikes. ↩ ↩²

9. CNBC, "How Strait of Hormuz closure can become tipping point for global economy," 11 March 2026; CFR, "The Iran War's Hidden Front: Food, Water, and Fertilizer," March 2026. ↩

10. Federal Reserve History, "Oil Shock of 1978-79". ↩

11. CNBC, "Oil prices: Why traders are getting nervous about Iran's $200 warning," 16 March 2026. Wood Mackenzie: $150 likely, $200 "not outside the realms of possibility." ↩

12. Euronews, "Iran war revives spectre of energy crisis in Europe," 4 March 2026. ↩

13. The Times, "Airlines warned of jet fuel shortages as soon as next month," 19 March 2026. Vietnam first country to warn of flight cancellations from April; China and Thailand halting fuel exports. ↩

14. IEA coordinated strategic petroleum reserve release, 11 March 2026. The 2022 Ukraine-related release was 182.7 million barrels. See Carbon Brief, "War and oil," 13 March 2026. ↩

15. Centrica, CEO Chris O'Shea, January 2025. ↩

16. UK Government, Statutory Security of Supply Report 2025. ↩

17. Connexion France, "Electricity bills in France to stay stable for regulated tariff households until 2027". ↩

18. Adam Smith Institute, Electricity Tracker, March 2026. UK households pay 40% more than French for electricity. ↩

19. RenewableUK, "UK wind energy pipeline in 2025". 32 GW total (approx. 16 GW onshore, 16 GW offshore), fifth-largest globally. ↩

20. Labour Party Manifesto 2024, energy and sustainability pledges. ↩

21. IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs 2023. Global weighted-average LCOE for utility-scale solar: $0.049/kWh. ↩

22. EIA, "China's solar capacity installations grew rapidly in 2024"; SolarQuarter, "China nears new solar PV record in 2025 with 275 GW in 11 months," January 2026. ↩

23. Electrek, "H1 2025: China installs more solar than rest of the world combined," September 2025. ↩

24. PV Magazine, "UK added 2.6 GW of solar in 2025, record year for rooftop," January 2026. ↩

25. S&P Global, "UK cuts grid queue by 64%, slashes wait times to boost renewables," April 2025; Ofgem, major reform package to accelerate grid connections. ↩

26. Liu et al., Johns Hopkins University / Nature, 2025. Chinese nuclear construction costs approximately $2,000/kW. See JHU Hub, "Nuclear plants too expensive? China shows low-cost construction possible". ↩

27. Global Energy Monitor, "China is building half of the world's new nuclear power," 2024; World Nuclear Association, China country profile. ↩

28. E&T, "Hinkley Point C faces further delays, costs continue to mount," February 2026. £35 billion in 2015 prices; approximately £49 billion in current prices. ↩

29. GOV.UK, "Nuclear Regulatory Review 2025: Summary," 24 November 2025. 47 recommendations accepted in principle. See also Government Response, "Building our nuclear nation," 2026. ↩

30. European Energy, "Kassø e-methanol facility officially inaugurated," May 2025. 304 MW solar park, 52 MW electrolysers, 42,000 tonnes/year e-methanol. ↩

31. HIF Global, Haru Oni facility. First ISCC EU RFNBO certification for e-fuel production, October 2025. ↩

32. Terraform Industries. End-to-end demonstration, March 2024. See also TechCrunch, "Terraform Industries converts electricity and air into synthetic natural gas," April 2024. ↩

33. Hydrogen Council, Hydrogen Insights 2024. 1,572 clean hydrogen projects across 70+ countries. ↩

34. Fortune, "The next energy superpower will make its own fuel," 17 March 2026. ↩